Harriet Tubman (circa 1822–March 10, 1913), was an African-American abolitionist. As an escaped slave, she made thirteen missions to rescue over seventy enslaved friends and family members to freedom in Canada using the Underground Railroad. During her lifetime, she worked as a lumberjack, laundress, nurse, and cook. As an abolitionist, she helped liberate scores of slaves, and inspired many more to do so independently. During the American Civil War, she was responsible for several roles such as intelligence gatherer, refugee organizer, raid leader, nurse, and fundraiser. Tubman was the first American woman to plan and lead a military operation.