Phencyclidine (a contraction of the chemical name phenylcyclohexylpiperidine), abbreviated PCP, is a dissociative drug formerly used as an anesthetic agent, exhibiting hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects. It is commonly known as Angel Dust, but is also known as Wet, Rocket Fuel, Ashy Larry, Shermans Tank, Wack, Halk Hogan, Ozone, HannaH, Hog, and Embalming Fluid, among other names.
It was first patented in the 1950s by the Parke-Davis pharmaceutical company. PCP is listed as a Schedule II drug in the United States under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances.
Chemically PCP is an arylcyclohexylamine derivative, and pharmacologically, it is a member of the family of dissociative anesthetics. PCP works primarily as an NMDA receptor antagonist which blocks the activity of the NMDA Receptor. Other NMDA receptor antagonists include ketamine, tiletamine, and dextromethorphan. Although the primary psychoactive effects of the drug only last hours, total elimination from the body is prolonged, typically extending over weeks.
More than 30 different analogues of PCP were reported as being used on the street during the 1970s and 1980s, mainly in the USA. The best known of these were PCPy (Rolicyclidine, 1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)pyrrolidine); PCE (Eticyclidine, N-ethyl-1-phenylcyclohexylamine); and TCP (Tenocyclidine, 1-(1-(2-Thienyl)cyclohexyl)piperidine). These compounds were never widely used and did not seem to be as well accepted by users as PCP itself, however they were all added onto Schedule I of the Controlled Substance Act because of their presumably similar effects.
The generalised structural motif required for PCP-like activity is derived from structure-activity relationship studies of PCP analogues and summarised below. All of these analogues would presumably have somewhat similar effects to PCP itself, although with a range of potencies and varying mixtures of anaesthetic, dissociative and stimulant effects depending on the particular substituents used. In some countries such as the USA, Australia and New Zealand, all of these compounds would be considered controlled substance analogues of PCP and are hence illegal drugs, even though many of them have never been made or tested.