Chemistry

Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem), meaning "earth") is the science concerned with the reactions, transformations and aggregations of matter, as well as accompanying energy and entropy changes during such transformations. It is also a field of study to investigate matter from the atomic to macromolecular scale, such as molecules, crystals. According to quantum chemistry, all physical and chemical properties of substances are a consequence of their structure at the molecular or atomic scale.

Robert Boyle (1661), Antoine Lavoisier (1787), and John Dalton (1808) are considered the founders of modern chemistry, while some consider the earlier chemist Geber (d. 815) to be the "father of chemistry".